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NAVIGATIONOFAIRCRAFTONVFR FLIGHT (CAR 174D)
The following apply in respect of flight under theVFR (AIPENR 1.1):
• The pilot in commandmust navigate the aircraft by visual reference to the
groundorwater, or by using any of the IFRmethods specified inAIPENR
1.1, except thatwhen operating at or below 2000 ft above thegroundor
water, the pilot in commandmust be able to navigate by visual reference
to the ground orwater.
• When navigating by visual reference to the groundorwater, the pilot in
commandmust positively fix the aircraft’s positionby visual reference
to features shown on topographical charts at intervals not exceeding30
minutes.Whenflying over the sea, visual reference featuresmay include
rocks and reefs and fixedman-made objectswhich aremarkedon suitable
charts and are readily identifiable from the air.
Note: Flight abovemore thanSCT cloud, or over featureless landareas,
or over the sea,maypreclude visual positionfixingat the required
intervals andmay thereforemake visual navigation impracticable.
• When navigating by visual reference in controlled airspace the pilotmust
notifyATC if the aircraft’s track diverges bymore thanone (1) nautical
mile from the track approved byATC, or, if navigatingby reference to radio
navigation aids, bymore than the tolerances given inAIPENR 1.1.
• VFR flight on top ofmore thanSCT cloud is availableprovided that:
– VMC can bemaintained during theentireflight, including climb, cruise
and descent.
– For VFR flight on top, the visual positionfixing requirements or the
other navigational requirements of AIPENR1.1must bemet.
– Prior to conducting a VFR flight on top ofmore thanSCT cloud, the
pilot in commandmust ensure that current forecasts andobservations
(including those available in-flight observations) indicate that conditions
in the area of, and during the periodof, theplanneddescent below the
cloud layerwill permit the descent to be conducted inVMC.
VFR navigation
1 — rul es of the a i r
rules of the air